Immunology and Cell Biology

Cancer Immunology & Tumor Microenvironment

Cancer immunology investigates how the immune system interacts with tumors, while tumor microenvironment (TME) studies the complex ecosystem surrounding cancer cells. This topic explores how tumors evade detection through immune checkpoints, altered antigen presentation, suppressive cytokines, and regulatory cell recruitment. The TME comprises immune cells, fibroblasts, vasculature, extracellular matrix, and metabolic conditions that shape tumor progression. Research addresses mechanisms of T-cell exhaustion, macrophage polarization, NK cell dysfunction, and the role of stromal elements in resistance to therapy. Advances in checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T-cell therapies, and personalized vaccines are transforming cancer treatment. Scientists are increasingly focusing on strategies to reprogram the TME, enhance tumor immunogenicity, and overcome barriers that limit immune cell infiltration. Multi-omics and single-cell technologies are providing insights into tumor–immune dynamics, supporting the development of next-generation immunotherapies and combination treatments.